#FALLOUT 4 HOW TO REDUCE RADIATION SERIES#

#FALLOUT 4 HOW TO REDUCE RADIATION SERIES#

Radon daughters are an important example of series decay exposure in uranium mines and basements. Resulting exposure is to the combination of both decays (and possibly additional daughters). Series Decay: Radioactive parent decays to a 'daughter' which may also be radioactive, therefore, is also simultaneously decaying. When the electron is ejected, a proton is 'created', thus increasing the atomic number.) (Note: Consider a neutron as a proton embedded with an electron net charge = 0. Alpha Decay: Atomic mass reduced by 4 protons reduced by 2.Д«eta Decay: No change in atomic mass protons increase by 1. Radioisotopes are isotopes (same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons) which are radioactive. This process is called radioactive decay. Radioactive materials are substances which spontaneously emit various combinations of ionizing particles (alpha and beta) and gamma rays of ionizing radiation to become more stable. Matter transforms from unstable to stable energy states. Photoelectric effect: Can occur at low energies ( 1.02 MeV, usually > 5 MeV) incoming photon ejects an electron and a positron, but positron quickly encounters an electron and annihilates to two 0.51 MeV gamma rays (E=Mc 2). Photon Interactions: Three types of indirect ionization caused by EM radiation. No mass Charge=0 Speed = C Long range (km in air, m in body) light damage (QF = 1) An external hazard (>70 KeV penetrates tissue) Usually shielded with lead or concrete (see equation for shielding effectiveness). Gamma rays typically have higher energy (Mev's) than X-rays (KeV's), but both are unlimited. X- and Gamma Rays: X-rays are photons (Electromagnetic or EM radiations) emitted from electron orbits, such as when an excited orbital electron 'falls' back to a lower energy orbit Gamma rays are photons emitted from the nucleus, often as part of radioactive decay. Slow neutrons are captured by secondary shielding materials (e.g., boron or cadmium). The nuclei which are 'hit' give off the excess energy as secondary radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma). Shielded in stages: High speed neutrons are 'thermalized' by elastic collisions in hydrogenous materials (e.g., water, paraffin, concrete). Typical Energy = 4-8 MeV Limited range (10 KeV), QF=10. Example QF values: X, gamma, and beta have QF = 1 alpha QF=20 thermal neutrons QF=3 'fast' neutrons (>10 KeV) QF = 10 fission fragments QF>20.ДЄlpha Particles (or Alpha Radiation): Helium nucleus (2 neutrons and 2 protons) +2 charge heavy (4 AMU). Higher LET causes greater biological impact and is assigned a higher Quality Factor(QF). Low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) to absorbing material: LET is measured by the ionization density (e.g., ion pairs/cm of tissue) along the path of the radiation. Usually expressed in KeV or MeV (10 3 or 10 6 electron Volts).

Higher energy radiation of the same type will penetrate further. Low Energy Radiation: Absorption of radiation is the process of transferring the energy of the radiation to the atoms of the media through which it is passing.

EM Radiations (X-rays and gamma rays) have no mass and no charge. Electromagnetic Radiations: Particulate Radiations are sub-atomic particles with mass (e.g., alpha and Beta particles, electrons, neutrons). Particularly important biologically since media can be altered (e.g., ionized atom in DNA molecule may be altered, thereby causing cell death, or a change in cell reproduction, division, or mutation). Scope limited to X and gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles (electrons), neutrons, and charged nuclei. Ionizing Radiation: Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction with matter. In ionization the electron is removed, resulting in an ion pair (the newly freed electron(-) and the rest of the atom(+)) Excitation: Excitation transfers enough energy to an orbital electron to displace it further away from the nucleus. Mass number (protons + sneutrons) gives mass in terms of 1/12th mass of Carbon atom. Atomic number (number of protons) determines element. Same number of electrons as protons net charge = 0. Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons.

Fallout 4 how to reduce radiation